FreeMarker template error: The following has evaluated to null or missing: ==> tailImageUrl?string?has_ [in template "component://snj2/template/catalog/ProductDetail.ftl" at line 381, column 71] ---- Tip: It's the step after the last dot that caused this error, not those before it. ---- Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing</#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: #if productDetailImageUrl?string?has_... [in template "component://snj2/template/catalog/ProductDetail.ftl" at line 381, column 22] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.<init>(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43) at freemarker.core.BuiltInsForMultipleTypes$stringBI._eval(BuiltInsForMultipleTypes.java:709) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81) at freemarker.core.ExistenceBuiltins$ExistenceBuiltIn.evalMaybeNonexistentTarget(ExistenceBuiltins.java:52) at freemarker.core.ExistenceBuiltins$has_contentBI._eval(ExistenceBuiltins.java:112) at freemarker.core.ExistenceBuiltins$has_contentBI.evalToBoolean(ExistenceBuiltins.java:119) at freemarker.core.OrExpression.evalToBoolean(OrExpression.java:36) at freemarker.core.IfBlock.accept(IfBlock.java:49) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:326) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:332) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:305) at org.apache.ofbiz.base.util.template.FreeMarkerWorker.renderTemplate(FreeMarkerWorker.java:263) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.HtmlWidget.renderHtmlTemplate(HtmlWidget.java:167) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.HtmlWidget$HtmlTemplate.renderWidgetString(HtmlWidget.java:216) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.HtmlWidget.renderWidgetString(HtmlWidget.java:140) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$PlatformSpecific.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:1321) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$Section.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:280) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreen.renderScreenString(ModelScreen.java:164) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ScreenFactory.renderReferencedScreen(ScreenFactory.java:214) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$IncludeScreen.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:780) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$Section.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:280) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$DecoratorSection.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:906) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$SectionsRenderer.render(ModelScreenWidget.java:127) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$DecoratorSectionInclude.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:943) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$Section.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:280) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$Section.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:280) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreen.renderScreenString(ModelScreen.java:164) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ScreenFactory.renderReferencedScreen(ScreenFactory.java:214) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$DecoratorScreen.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:860) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget.renderSubWidgetsString(ModelScreenWidget.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreenWidget$Section.renderWidgetString(ModelScreenWidget.java:280) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.model.ModelScreen.renderScreenString(ModelScreen.java:164) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.renderer.ScreenRenderer.render(ScreenRenderer.java:136) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.renderer.ScreenRenderer.render(ScreenRenderer.java:98) at org.apache.ofbiz.widget.renderer.macro.MacroScreenViewHandler.render(MacroScreenViewHandler.java:157) at org.apache.ofbiz.webapp.control.RequestHandler.renderView(RequestHandler.java:1001) at org.apache.ofbiz.webapp.control.RequestHandler.doRequest(RequestHandler.java:653) at org.apache.ofbiz.webapp.control.ControlServlet.doGet(ControlServlet.java:213) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:687) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:790) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationDispatcher.invoke(ApplicationDispatcher.java:720) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationDispatcher.processRequest(ApplicationDispatcher.java:466) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationDispatcher.doForward(ApplicationDispatcher.java:391) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationDispatcher.forward(ApplicationDispatcher.java:318) at org.apache.ofbiz.product.category.CatalogUrlServlet.doGet(CatalogUrlServlet.java:153) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:687) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:790) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.ofbiz.webapp.control.ContextFilter.doFilter(ContextFilter.java:324) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.ofbiz.content.content.ContentUrlFilter.doFilter(ContentUrlFilter.java:99) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.ofbiz.product.category.CatalogUrlFilter.doFilter(CatalogUrlFilter.java:338) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528) at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AbstractAjpProcessor.process(AbstractAjpProcessor.java:873) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:670) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1520) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1476) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
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An introduction to game theory

by Martin J. Osborne

$248.25

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Description

Game-theoretic reasoning pervades economic theory and is used widely in other social and behavioral sciences. An Introduction to Game Theory, by Martin J. Osborne, presents the main principles of game theory and shows how they can be used to understand economic, social, political, and biological phenomena. The book introduces in an accessible manner the main ideas behind the theory rather than their mathematical expression. All concepts are defined precisely, and logical reasoning is used throughout. The book requires an understanding of basic mathematics but assumes no specific knowledge of economics, political science, or other social or behavioral sciences. Coverage includes the fundamental concepts of strategic games, extensive games with perfect information, and coalitional games; the more advanced subjects of Bayesian games and extensive games with imperfect information; and the topics of repeated games, bargaining theory, evolutionary equilibrium, rationalizability, and maxminimization. The book offers a wide variety of illustrations from the social and behavioral sciences and more than 280 exercises. Each topic features examples that highlight theoretical points and illustrations that demonstrate how the theory may be used. Explaining the key concepts of game theory as simply as possible while maintaining complete precision, An Introduction to Game Theory is ideal for undergraduate and introductory graduate courses in game theory.

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Product Details

  • Oxford University Press, Brand
  • 0195128958 ISBN-13:
  • 0195128958 ISBN-10:
  • 0195128958 ISBN-10
  • 0195128958 ISBN-13
  • New Condition
  • 5 business days Generally Ships in
  • Hardback Media