Italian Renaissance: The Origins of Intellectual and Artistic Change Before the Reformation

In The Italian Renaissance John Stephens interprets the significance of the immense cultural change which took place in Italy from the time of Petrarch to the Reformation, and considers its wider contribution to Europe beyond the Alps. His important new study (which is designed for students and serious general readers of history as well as the specialist) is not a straight narrative history; rather, it is an examination of the humanists, artists and patrons who were the instruments of this change; the contemporary factors that favoured it; and the elements of ancient thought they revived. Dr. Stephens shows how, following Petrarch's example, the humanists discovered a novel point of view in ancient ethics. It was expressed in a set of assumptions about the scope of free will, the place of man in society, and the work of the intellectual and artist. From the same source they revived a method of induction by which such issues could be analysed. All this, as the book explains, had a powerful impact on political and religious thought in Italy, and on the theory and practice of fine art, as well as influencing classical scholarship and historiography. The book challenges the notion that the humanists were propagandists, or that works of art represented conspicuous consumption by the rich. Instead, by arming themselves with ancient morals and with the culture of antiquity as a whole, the scholars, artists and patrons of the Renaissance consciously used antiquity to enhance the moral and intellectual power of the contemporary lay world. The need of the Italian upper class to prove its fitness to govern made it anxious to show an appreciation of such moral and intellectual virtues, and in doingso it advanced its own education as well as the secular culture it patronised. In this, as Dr. Stephens concludes, the significance of the Italian Renaissance was not so much to 'reflect' society as to shape it. The Italian example was soon to be imitated elsewhere: by 1520 the