Matters of Justice

After the fall of the Porfirio Díaz regime, pueblo representatives sent hundreds of petitions to Pres. Francisco I. Madero, demanding that the executive branch of government assume the judiciary's control over their unresolved lawsuits against landowners, local bosses, and other villages. The Madero administration tried to use existing laws to settle land conflicts but always stopped short of invading judicial authority.

In contrast, the two main agrarian reform programs undertaken in revolutionary Mexico--those implemented by Emiliano Zapata and Venustiano Carranza--subordinated the judiciary to the executive branch and thereby reshaped the postrevolutionary state with the support of villagers, who actively sided with one branch of government over another.

In Matters of Justice Helga Baitenmann offers the first detailed account of the Zapatista and Carrancista agrarian reform programs as they were implemented in practice at the local level and then reconfigured in response to unanticipated inter- and intravillage conflicts. Ultimately, the Zapatista land reform, which sought to redistribute land throughout the country, remained an unfulfilled utopia. In contrast, Carrancista laws, intended to resolve quickly an urgent problem in a time of war, had lasting effects on the legal rights of millions of land beneficiaries and accidentally became the pillar of a program that redistributed about half the national territory.

Helga Baitenmann offers an original interpretation of Mexico's revolutionary agrarian reform, an unconstitutional takeover by the executive of the judiciary's authority over contentious land matters, and examines villagers' role in shaping the postrevolutionary state by siding with one branch of government over another.

"Baitenmann excels at grounding her argument in exhaustive archival research within the context of the broader literature."--M. Becker, Choice--M. Becker "Choice"
"A landmark history of the Mexican agrarian reform's juridical underpinnings and the logistical considerations that shaped its execution. Matters of Justice punctures historiographical shibboleths and paints a new portrait of what lawmakers believed the land reform was and how it should be executed. It provides crisp insight into how communities learned to navigate the land reform's sometimes labyrinthine legal structures."--Christopher Boyer, author of Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico--Christopher Boyer (9/24/2019 12:00:00 AM)
"A much-needed corrective to the first decade of agrarian reform in Revolutionary Mexico. . . . Because the foci shift seamlessly between the federal district and the countryside, the result is a multivocal and balanced assessment of agrarian reform that, despite its shortcomings, contradictions, and inconsistencies, set the course of Mexican rural policy for the next eighty years."--John J. Dwyer, author of The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico--John J. Dwyer (9/24/2019 12:00:00 AM)
"Richly researched and carefully argued, Matters of Justice sheds new light on the agrarian reforms born of the Mexican Revolution, showing how changing political circumstances and unforeseen practical difficulties turned widespread calls for village land restitution into a makeshift system of executive land grants that bypassed judicial sanction and gave birth to a new institution, the Mexican ejido. A must-read for every historian of modern Mexico."--Emilio Kourí, author of A Pueblo Divided: Business, Property, and Community in Papantla, Mexico--Emilio Kourí (9/24/2019 12:00:00 AM)