Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change

Current climate change research has shifted from single-sphere analysis to multi-sphere coupled studies. Land-atmosphere-ocean interactions, as a core scientific issue in this transition, are key to understanding global climate change and its regional impacts. This Special Issue focuses on this theme, systematically integrating the latest original research to reveal how complex energy and material exchange processes among the ocean, atmosphere, and land collectively shape climate change characteristics from local to global scales. Against the backdrop of global warming, land-atmosphere-ocean interactions are undergoing systematic reorganization, leading to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events that pose severe threats to natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems. The research findings presented in this Special Issue demonstrate a significant shift from single-process analysis to multi-sphere coupled studies. The results presented in this Special Issue are critical for understanding the concepts that govern land-atmosphere-ocean interactions and improving climate prediction accuracy. They also serve as the foundation for developing scientifically sound adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change. This issue focuses on the distinctive properties and patterns of these interactions under climate change and how they affect regional and global temperatures through complex chains using interdisciplinary methodologies such as theoretical derivation, observational data analysis, and numerical modeling.