Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs): Trends & Applications

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a transformative technology for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Recent progress in advanced materials, including gels, graphene, polymers, and silicon, has markedly improved their output performance, durability, and adaptability. Beyond materials, the integration of TENGs with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, robotics, and biomedical systems enables smart, adaptive, and autonomous energy solutions. These convergences allow real-time data processing, intelligent sensing, and self-powered human-machine interactions. Future efforts should focus on material optimization, enhanced energy conversion efficiency, and multifunctional system design. This book provides a forward-looking roadmap for next-generation intelligent, sustainable, self-powered technologies.