Deep Insight to the Engineering of Advanced Photovoltaic Cells

Sunlight provides the energy for almost all life on Earth. Photovoltaic devices convert light energy directly into electrical energy, and the primary objective of their use is the harvesting of light energy from the sun. Solar energy is abundant but only a little is used to directly power human activities. About 80-85% of human's total energy consumption comes from fossil fuels which are depletable and produce greenhouse gases and other pollutants that are harmful to the environment. In this concern, renewable energy resources have been gaining momentum in an effort to alleviate the global demand for fossil fuels due to their decreesed availability and a greater understanding of the long-term effects of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. The seriousness of air pollution, climate, and energy security problems worldwide requires a massive, virtually immediate transformation of the world's energy infrastructure to 100% clean, renewable energy producing zero emissions at each year; 4 - 7 million people die prematurely and hundreds of millions more become ill from air pollution.