Oro Dental Features in Children with Sleep Apnea

Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a significant sleep-related breathing disorder that can severely impact a child's cognitive, behavioral, and physical development if left untreated. This dissertation demonstrates that OSA is not merely a respiratory issue but is closely linked to distinct oro-dental and craniofacial characteristics, including high-arched, narrow palates, reduced maxillary and mandibular arch dimensions, and a high prevalence of malocclusions such as posterior crossbites and increased overjet.Anatomical factors like adenotonsillar hypertrophy and mandibular retrognathism are primary contributors to airway obstruction in children. Furthermore, the position and mobility of the tongue play a critical role, as posterior displacement and low tongue posture further exacerbate oropharyngeal collapse. The risk of severe OSA is exponentially higher in specific pediatric populations, such as those with Down syndrome, Crouzon and Apert syndromes, or Treacher Collins syndrome, where midface hypoplasia and other structural deficiencies are inherent.