Daniel Defoe

Born in 1660, likely in London's Cripplegate parish, Defoe's origins were modest, yet embedded within a family that fostered both ambition and a deep-seated commitment to dissenting Protestantism. His father, James Foe (later Defoe), was a prosperous butchers' and chandlers' tradesman, indicating a certain level of comfortable middle-class status, though hardly wealth. While precise details about James Foe's business practices remain somewhat elusive, historical records suggest a level of financial security enabling him to provide a relatively stable upbringing for his family. This stability, however, was not without its tensions, reflecting the broader socio-economic anxieties prevalent in mid-17th century London. The era was marked by rapid societal changes, with London experiencing dramatic population growth and economic shifts that significantly impacted the middle class. The competition in the marketplace and the fluctuating economic climate likely imparted valuable lessons in pragmatism and resourcefulness to the young Daniel.