English -ed as Operator Exponence: Operator-Stack Theory of the -ed Projection Ladder, Its Typology,

Why does English -ed appear in ordinary past-tense clauses, stative passives, perfect constructions, and adjectival participles? Traditional grammars classify these uses. This book argues that classification is not enough. English -ed as Operator Exponence proposes that the recurring morphology is the overt trace of a single operator whose projections yield event, state, and attribute. From that claim, the book develops a broader operator-stack architecture for verbal meaning, linking morphology to perfects, passives, auxiliary ordering, typology, diachrony, narrative structure, and cognition. Written for linguists rather than mathematicians, it combines formal argument with continuous explanatory prose, diagrams, case studies, and a research program designed to invite further testing